1 A nd I have turned, and I see all the oppressions that are done under the sun, and lo, the tear of the oppressed, and they have no comforter; and at the hand of their oppressors power, and they have no comforter.

2 A nd I am praising the dead who have already died above the living who are yet alive.

3 A nd better than both of them he who hath not yet been, in that he hath not seen the evil work that hath been done under the sun.

4 A nd I have seen all the labour, and all the benefit of the work, because for it a man is the envy of his neighbour. Even this vanity and vexation of spirit.

5 T he fool is clasping his hands, and eating his own flesh:

6 ` Better a handful quietness, than two handfuls labour and vexation of spirit.'

7 A nd I have turned, and I see a vain thing under the sun:

8 T here is one, and there is not a second; even son or brother he hath not, and there is no end to all his labour! His eye also is not satisfied with riches, and, `For whom am I labouring and bereaving my soul of good?' This also is vanity, it is a sad travail.

9 T he two better than the one, in that they have a good reward by their labour.

10 F or if they fall, the one raiseth up his companion, but wo to the one who falleth and there is not a second to raise him up!

11 A lso, if two lie down, then they have heat, but how hath one heat?

12 A nd if the one strengthen himself, the two stand against him; and the threefold cord is not hastily broken.

13 B etter is a poor and wise youth than an old and foolish king, who hath not known to be warned any more.

14 F or from a house of prisoners he hath come out to reign, for even in his own kingdom he hath been poor.

15 I have seen all the living, who are walking under the sun, with the second youth who doth stand in his place;

16 t here is no end to all the people, to all who were before them; also, the latter rejoice not in him. Surely this also is vanity and vexation of spirit.